Vol 7 No 4 2022- 38
Allelopathic effect of sunflower residues on some soil properties and growth parameters of wheat, bean and flax crops
Taisir M. Flayyih 1, Ahmed A. Almarie 2* 
1 Field Crops Department, College Of Agriculture, University Of Anbar- Anbar – Iraq
tai20g3017@uoanbar.edu.iq .
2 Field Crops Department, College Of Agriculture, University Of Anbar- Anbar – Iraq
* Correspondence: ag.ahmed.abdalwahed@uoanbar.edu.iq; Tel.: 00964 790 199 1315
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2022.07.04.38
ABSTRACT
Allelopathic effects of the sunflower verities Helianthus annuus residues were evaluated on some soil properties and their potential against growth parameters of the proposed successive crops Wheat Triticum aestivumL., Broad Bean Vicia fabe L. and Flax Linum UstatissmimL. Sunflower plants were chopped and incorporated with field soil after getting seed, and then successive crops were cultivated. The sunflower residues have reinforced the soil with the macronutrients considered essential for the germination of any crop. The soil organic matter content and the percentage of organic carbon in the ground were increased. Significant suppression of broad bean and flax crops was observed, while the sunflower residues did not affect wheat growth. The results obtained showed that broad bean and flax crops are not recommended to grow after the sunflower crop to avoid losses due to the negative allelopathic potential of these crops. Sunflower residue incorporation may provide multidimensional benefits for better weed control, enhanced soil health, and higher seed yield of wheat.
Keywords: Allelopathic effect; Sunflower residues; Succssesive crops. Crop injury symptoms
INTRODUCTION
Allelopathy is the chemical interaction between plants or plants with microorganisms that lead to either positive or negative effects on the performance of neighboring organisms. Allelopathy plays a significant role in natural ecosystems by determining vegetation patterning, plant dominance, plant succession, and plant biodiversity, preventing seed decay, and causing seed dormancy1Allelopathy plays an essential role in the study of suitable agricultural systems as well as in weed control2. Also, allelopathy has a significant role in agricultural ecosystems. It plays a substantial role in weed-crop, crop-weed, crop-crop, forestry and nutrient cycling3. Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant that can be grown throughout the year in subtropical and tropical regions for its seeds. The allelopathic potential of sunflowers is presented to inhibit the growth and development of other plants. The allelopathic effects of sunflower plants on successive crops and soil properties vary from stimulation to inhibition depending on the quantity and quality of the bioactive compounds in this plant and their residues.
Over 200 natural bioactive compounds include allelopathic compounds characterized in sunflower plants. Most of these compounds inhibit or stimulate the germination and growth of organisms. Heliannuols, terpenoids, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and scopoletin were the most bioactive compounds found in sunflower plants 4. Moreover, sunflower residues contribute to increasing the soil’s organic matter, and thus becoming a natural organic fertilizer provides the soil with the necessary elements without the need for chemical fertilizers. The demeanor of sunflower residues towards successive crops is unclear and needs more in-depth studies. Hence, the current study aims to screen the allelopathic effect of three sunflower varieties on the growth parameters of successive crops and their content from essential nutrients in trying to minimize the use of conventional chemical fertilizers. Purvis et al., 19905 reported that sunflower crop residues reduced wheat germination and growth by 4-33%. As for the remaining sunflower residues on the surface of the soil and leaving them without plowing, it often reduced the development of the crops that were planted after them compared to the removal of residues or traditional plowing. At the same time, wheat productivity increased in the non-cultivated treatments, reaching 5.2 tons. ha-1 When mixed with soil and plowing, the productivity decreased to 4.9 tons/ha. The sunflower crop residue in the soil reduced harmful weed growth early and, when mixed with soil, reduced the yield of later crops6.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted in the agro-station belonging to the college of Agriculture- University of Anbar- Iraq, which is located at 43.39 latitudes and 33.44 longitudes. In brief, three varieties of sunflowers, Sakha, Akmar and Ishaki, were grown in plots with a 70 cm distance between rows and 20 cm between plants inside the row. When plants reached the maturity stages, plans were chopped after getting the seeds and mixed well with the field soil. The proposed successive crops, Wheat Triticum aestivum, Broad bean Vicia fabe and Flax Linum Ustatissmim, were cultivated in the same plots of sunflower plants parts were mixed. Seeds of the Ibaa 99 wheat variety were grown in 3m rows with 20 cm between each other.
Regarding flax plants, using local variety with 3m row length and 25 cm between each other. Broad bean seeds were cultivated in 3 m rows with 25 cm in between holes. Weedy check and free weed treatments of successive crops are used as controls. Weed plants were continuously removed from treatments throughout the growing season to ensure that just the sunflower’s allelopathic potential affected the consecutive crops.
Soil Nutrient Analysis
Samples were taken from the field’s soil from a depth of 0 to 30 cm after mixing the sunflower crop for four weeks to evaluate the changes in the soil nutrients compared to the control treatment. The analysis was conducted in the central laboratory belonging to the college of Agriculture- at the University of Anbar.
Successive crops growth parameters
The injury score of successive crops was estimated beginning from cultivation until the fifth week from germination by eye observation using a numerical scale from (0–5) as 0: no harm, 1: slight yellowing, 2: yellowing or burning, or visible dwarfing, 3: yellowing, burning or severe spotting, 4: semi-dead plants and 5: complete plant death. When successive crops reached maturity, growth parameters were taken.
Experimantal analysis
Experimental data were subjected to one analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SASS system, version (9). The experiment was conducted in (RCBD) design with four replications. The differences between mean values were determined using Dunkin’s range test (P≤ 0.05)7.
RESULTS
Soil Nutrient Analysis
Data is presented in Table 1. Showed some soil properties for the experimental field according to the samples taken at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after mixing sunflower residues compared with the controls. As can be seen, most treatments have differed significantly compared to the management. The sunflower residues enhanced soil properties by increasing the essential nutrients, NPK. Moreover, organic matter increased in soil and growing ranges from 44 to 143%. The same is true for the organic carbon and C/ N ratio, which witnessed a significant increase in all treatments
Crop Injury Score
The injury score of the proposed successive field crops is presented in Figure1. Wheat plants were represented by changing the green color to a pale green color due to the damage that occurred to the plant due to sunflower residues. Regarding the Broad bean crop, the injury score in this plant affected by sunflower residues behaved the same as wheat plants except for slight dwarfing, but the general condition of the plant is rather good. Regarding flax crops, plants showed more sensitivity to the sunflower residues in all three varieties.
Table 1. Soil properties of the field according to the samples taken at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after mixing sunflower residues compared with the controls
Figure 1. Injury symptoms of proposed successive crops affected by three varieties of sunflower residues mixed with soil field A: Wheat, B: Broad bean, C: Flax. Scale from (0–5) 0: no harm, 1: slight yellowing, 2: yellowing or burning, or visible dwarfing, 3: yellowing, burning or severe spotting, 4: semi-dead plants and 5: complete plant death
Crop Growth Parameters
As can be seen from the data presented in table 2., most of the study growth parameters of the wheat crop were enhanced by the residues of the three sunflower varieties. Although plant high and flag leaf area treats of wheat crop did not show a significant difference within the studies treatments, the weedy check recorded the highest value of plant high, which was 91.6 cm and the most negligible value of flag leaf area, which was only 29.36 cm. Also, the weedy check treatment recorded the lowest values compared to the other studied traits.
Table 3 shows the negative effect of all studies’ treatments regarding the broad bean crop. The wide bean plant cultivated after mixing sunflower residues suffers from these treatments. The high of broad bean plants did not reach significant variations in all treatments. However, the plants growing in the weedy check treatment recorded the highest value of plant high, which was 85.33 cm. The other studied traits presented in Table 3. appeared that the free weed treatment was the highest in terms of the superiority of the studied features, which differed significantly from the sunflower residues treatment, which came less than expected as a result of the negative effect of sunflower residues on this crop.
Table 2. Allelopathic effects of sunflower residues on growth parameters of wheat
Table 3. Allelopathic effects of sunflower residues on growth parameters of Broad bean
Table 4. Allelopathic effects of sunflower residues on growth parameters of Flax
As for the flax plants grown after the sunflower residues, the same trend of the broad bean plants was sculpted regarding the negative impact of these residues in all the studied traits. The results shown in Table 4 showed that the treatments were significantly different from the free weed treatment, which come in the highest values of characteristics.
DISCUSSION
Soil Nutrient Analysis
The sunflower residues increased the amount of the essential nutrients for plant growth (NPK) and those necessary nutrients beneficial for the activity of microorganisms and their proportions. The results align with the results of Ullah et al., 20189 which confirmed that sunflower residue incorporation at 6 ton ha-1 improved soil health, suppressed weeds and resulted in better seed yield of spring-planted mung bean. Returning soil fertility naturally is desirable as it is one of the promising strategic solutions to provide it naturally without using chemical fertilizers, which negatively affect the properties of the soil10. The extreme extravagance in adding chemical fertilizers to the soil in quantities that exceed the needs of the plant and at unsuitable dates for the growth stage of the crop leads to the destruction of the balance in the soil between the elements of the plant’s food and creates an unbalanced environment for the growing plants in addition to the possibility of an imbalance that harms the biological diversity in the soil.
Crop Injury Score
Various crop sensitivity to the sunflower residues is due to genetic factors related to genetic variation. Many researchers concluded that the field crops grown after sunflowers were affected diversely, and the degree of the effect depended upon the extract’s concentration and the sunflower biomass in the field soil11.
Crop Growth Parameters
The results in Table 2. indicated the positive effect of sunflower residues on growth characteristics and seed yield of the wheat crop as a result of the positive response to those residues. This comes as an expected result of the response to improving the soil with the necessary elements needed by the wheat crop, which helped in its healthy development and growth, thus improving yield and quality. The current results are consistent with12,13, who mentioned that the wheat crop is suitable for cultivation under sunflower allelopathic stress. The results of the broad bean and flax crop response came to the exact opposite of the results achieved in the wheat crop, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. Despite the revitalization of the soil with the necessary elements by the sunflower residues, the allelopathic effect was negative by reducing the growth parameters, which affected the reduction of seed yield. Over 200 natural bioactive compounds include allelopathic compounds characterized in sunflower plants. Most of these compounds are involved in inhibiting or stimulating germination and growth of organisms, such as heliannuols, terpenoids, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and scopoletin, most bioactive compounds found in the sunflower plants14.
CONCLUSIONS
Sunflower residues are a valuable source of nutrition and play an efficient role in sustainable crop production. Not all successive crop shows a positive response to sunflower residues because the allelopathic substances which secrete them, in turn, play a positive or negative role on the subsequent crops. The improvement in soil properties and suppression resulted in better wheat yield. On the contrary, it negatively affected the growth parameters and yield of bean and flax crops. In short, sunflower residue incorporation may provide multidimensional benefits for better weed control, enhanced soil health and higher seed yield of wheat. More studies are needed to determine the allelopathic effects of sunflower residues on different successive crops.
REFERENCES
1. A. A. Almarie, Mamat, A. S., Wahab, Z., & Rukunudin, I. H. Chemical composition and phytotoxicity of essential oils isolated from Malaysian plants. Allelopathy Journal,2016; 37(1), 55-69.
2. Chen, Y.-S., Yu, H.-M., Shie, J.-J., Cheng, T.-J. R., Wu, C.-Y., Fang, J.-M., & Wong, C.-H. Chemical constituents of Plectranthus amboinicus and synthetic analogs possessing anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry,2014;22(5), 1766-1772.
3. Ahuja, N., Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., & Kohli, R. K. Herbicidal activity of eugenol towards some grassy and broad-leaved weeds. Journal of Pest Science, 2014; 88, 209-218.
4. Jabran, K. Manipulation of allelopathic crops for weed control Cham: Springer International Publishing,2017;pp. 65-75.
5. Purvis, C. E. and Jones, G. P. D. Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles, other factors influencing allelopathic potential: intraspecifc variation, soil type and stubble quality (Triticum aestivum). Australian Journal oFAgricultural Research,1990; 41:243-251
6. Cenusko, K. and Borkey, V. The effect of fore crop, soil tillage and herbicide on weed infestation rate and on the winter wheat yield. Rostlina Vyroba,1992;38:603-609.
7. A. F Almehemdi, Mheidi, U. H., and Almarie, A. A. Estimation leaf area model and growth performance of buckwheat under Iraqi environment conditions. JAPS: Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2017; 27(5).
8. A. Almarie, Bioherbicidal Potential of Eucalyptus and Clove Oil and their Combinations on Four Weedy Species. Iraqi Journal of Science, 2021;1494-1502.
9. Ullah, R., Aslam, Z., Khaliq, A., & Zahir, Z. A. Sunflower residue incorporation suppresses weeds, enhances soil properties and seed yield of spring-planted mung bean. Planta Daninha, 2018;36.
10. Gunfer, G. Soil fertility on an agricultural frontier: The US Great Plains, 1880–2000. Social Science History, 2021; 45(4), 733-762.
11. T. Abbas, Ahmad, A., Kamal, A., Nawaz, M. Y., Jamil, M. A., Saeed, T., … and Ateeq, M. Ways to use allelopathic potential for weed management: A review. Int. J Food Sci. Agric , 2021;5(3), 492-498.
12. Bashir, U., Javaid, A., & Bajwa, R. Allelopathic effects of sunflower residue on growth of rice and subsequent wheat crop. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 2012; 72(3), 326.
13. Baghaie, A. H., & Daliri, A. Effect of applying sunflower residues as a green manure on increasing Zn concentration of two Iranian wheat cultivars in a Pb and Cd polluted soil. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion, 2019; 5(1), 9-14.
14. Nasim, W., Ahmad, A., Amin, A., Tariq, M., Awais, M., Saqib, M., … & Ali, S. Radiation efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer impacts on sunflower crop in contrasting environments of Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018; 25(2), 1822-1836.
Received: August 25, 2022 / Accepted: October 12, 2022 / Published:15 November 2022
Citation: Flayyih T M, Almarie A A. Allelopathic effect of sunflower residues on some soil properties and growth parameters of wheat, bean and flax crops. Revis Bionat a 2022;7(4) 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2022.07.04.38
Vol 9 No 2 2024
INDEXADA EN
INDEXADA EN
