Vol 6 No 2 2021 – 12
INVESTIGATION / RESEARCH
Differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer in coastal and highland communities in Wakatobi islands
La Ode Alifariki1; Tukatman, Tukatman2;Bangu, Bangu2; Heriviyatno Julika Siagian2*
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2021.01.02.12
ABSTRACT
Available data indicate that food sodium (such as salt) is directly related to blood pressure (BP). The research aims to look at the different sodium consumption patterns of hypertension sufferers in two different coastal areas and highland areas in the Wakatobi Islands. The type of research is observational analytic research using a cross-sectional design. This study has been carried out in the District of Wangi-Wangi, especially in the MolaSamaturu villages and Waginopo Village in October 2019. The number of research samples is 100 people (50 respondents in Mola Samaturu Village and 50 people in Waginopo Village). The results showed the differences between sodium consumption patterns in hypertensive sufferers in Mola Samaturu Village and Waginopo Village with a p-value = 0,000 <α 0.05. Sodium consumption patterns in coastal communities are higher than in highlands community.
Keywords: Hypertension, sodium consumption pattern, Wakatobi islands
INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebral vascular disease, also kidney failure. It is known that the amount of salt intake in meals plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension1,2,3. Increased sensitivity of blood pressure toward excess sodium affects 50% of patients with primary hypertension4,5. Salt dietary intake causes enhancement of blood pressure associated with kidney and cardiovascular diseases, including left ventricular hypertrophy and microalbuminuria6.
Sodium is the most cation in an extracellular fluid where 35-40% (60 mmol per kg of body weight) is in the skeleton, and a small portion (about 10-14 mmol / L) is in the intracellular fluid7. Under normal circumstances, sodium excretion in the kidneys is regulated to maintain a balance between intake and output, with extracellular fluid volume remains stable8. More than 90% of the extracellular fluid’s osmotic pressure is determined by salt, specifically in sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), thereby changing the osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid represents changing sodium concentration9.
Increased sodium intake causes fluid retention of the body, which increases blood volume by pulling intra-cellular fluid into extracellular so that the heart should pump forcefully to drive large volumes of blood through narrowing of the intravascular space, which results in hypertension10,11. This was proven in a study conducted by Abdurrachim, Hariyawati, and Suryani12that there was a significant relationship between sodium intake with blood pressure in the elderly at TresnaWerdhanursing Home and BinaLaras Budi Luhur nursing home, Banjarbaru City.
Blood pressure is the bloodstream pressure in blood vessels and circulates in all tissues of the human body13,14. Blood pressure consists of 2 parts of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure15,16. Systolic blood pressure is defined as the pressure during heart contractions, while diastolic blood pressure is defined as blood pressure when the heart relaxes14.
The sodium content in foods dramatically varies and depends on the food source (e.g., animal foods source naturally contain more sodium) and the level of change that food itself goes through. Foods that are naturally low in sodium are fruits, vegetables, oils, and cereals, with the contents range from 20 mg up to 100 g7.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and WHO recommends that the amount of salt consumption in the community is less than 5 gram a day because of the adverse effects of excessive salt consumption on health, especially on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease4,17.Based on data from National Basic Health Research in 2013, it was found that the prevalence of risky food consumption patterns, especially salty foods, was 26.2%, and Southeast Sulawesi was 11.5%18.
Geographically, the Wangi-Wangi Islands’ position is surrounded by the sea of Banda, where most of the people in the community earn a livelihood as seaweed farmers and fishers even though there are some villages that quite far from the coast with livelihoods as land farmers. This geographical position gives a plus and minus effect on the health of the Wangi-Wangi community, especially those living in coastal areas exposed to high salt or sodium consumption patterns.
According to Bustan, more people living in urban areas suffer from hypertension than people living in villages; furthermore, based on the geographical location where coastal areas have more hypertension than highland areas19. Research conducted by Setiawati on the coast of Manado Tua Island obtained a significant relationship between sodium intake and the incidence of hypertension20.
Based on the phenomenon, this study aims to determine differences in sodium consumption patterns of hypertensive patients in coastal and highland communities in the Wakatobi Islands.
METHODS
The type of study is observational analytic research using a cross-sectional design. This research has been conducted in the District of Wangi-Wangi, specifically atMolaSamaturuvillage and Waginopo Village, in October 2019. The study population comprises all people with hypertension who live in MolaSamaturu Village (124 people) and Waginopo Village (116 people), with 240 people in October 2019. The number of research samples was 100 people (50 respondents in MolaSamaturu Village and 50 people in Waginopo Village). The blood pressure variable is obtained by measuring using a blood pressure meter with hypertension criteria for hypertension sufferers is 140/90 mmHg (first-degree hypertension, second-degree hypertension, and third-degree hypertension). The sodium consumption pattern variable is obtained by measuring the consumption pattern using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) then analyzed using a Nutri survey with a safe sodium consumption pattern standard (<2000 mg/day). The statistical test uses an independent t-test with a value of α = 0.05.
RESULTS
Table 1. Respondents characteristics
Table 1 shows respondents’ characteristics with hypertension based on age range mostly in the MolaSamaturu village as 30% with age range 30-35 years old. In the Waginopo village, mostly in the age range 42-47 years old is 44%. By gender characteristics, mostly in MolaSamaturu Village with a percentage of 46% men and Waginopo Village the most were 44% men. By type of occupation, in MolaSamaturu village, 62% of respondents are fishermen, and Waginopo Village, most of the respondents, are farmers as much as 50%. Characteristics of respondents based on BMI show the most respondents in the MolaSamaturu village is in normal BMI (18.5-25.0) as much as 74%, either in the Waginopo village, most of the respondents is in the normal BMI with the percentage of 74%.
Table 2. Distribution of variables
Based on table 2, respondents’ characteristics in the category of hypertension in the MolaSamaturu village mostly in the stage I category with percentage is 50%, the same in Waginopo village that mostly is in the stage I as many as 66%. For the sodium consumption pattern variable, MolaSamaturu village with 68% is in ≥ 2000 mg/day category, while in Waginopo village mostly in < 2000 mg/day category with 76% of respondents (Table 2).
Table 3. Distribution of mean score, minimum-maximum blood pressure, and sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer
Table 3 shows that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values of respondents in Mola Samaturu were higher than respondents in Waginopo Village, as well as sodium consumption, higher in Mola Samaturu Village, higher than respondents in Waginopo Village.
Figure 1. Sodium consumption pattern in Molasamaturu Village
Figure 2. Sodium consumption pattern in WaginopoVillage
Table 4. Hypothesis test for differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer
Table 4 shows a difference between Sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferers in MolaSamaturu village and Waginopo village with p value= 0.000< α 0.05 (table 4).
DISCUSSION
Sample testing is based on the relationship between hypertension as a dependent variable with seafood consumption as an independent variable along with other risk factors causing hypertension, such as age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, history of DM, family history of DM, history of dyslipidemia, and history dyslipidemia in families not examined in this study.
This research shows that hypertension is more in coastal areas (MolaSamaturu Village) compared to highland areas (Waginopo Village). Sodium is a mineral found in the body and many foods source. Sodium is an essential nutrient for maintaining blood volume, regulating water balance in cells, and maintaining nerve function. The kidney controls sodium balance by increasing or decreasing the excretion of sodium in the urine. Another theory states that kidney disorders cannot correctly excrete sodium (Na) in average amounts; the consequences are sodium (Na) in intravascular volume increase so that hypertension occurs21.
The distribution of stage II and III hypertension sufferers shows that higher in coastal communities than in the highlands; this can be attributed to the excessive sodium consumption behavior found in seafood. The recommended daily sodium consumption is around 2400 mg, which can be achieved from salt around 2000 mg while another 400 mg is found in the food consumed 22.
The food consumption pattern of highland communities, especially in the Waginopo area, shows the same thing with coastal communities in frequency. However, there are significant differences in the types of food that characterize coastal communities, such as shellfish, crabs, and others that contain high sodium.This is in line with previous research, which states that the consumption patterns of coastal communities have a frequency of eating 3 times a day with staple foods, namely rice, animal consumption patterns are relatively high, especially seafood and fish ponds, while the pattern of fruit consumption is still relatively low frequency 0 in a day with a percentage of 75% 23.
In 1904, Ambard and Beaujard revealed salt intake correlates to BP as the first study on hypertension diet conducted on 6 patients with hypertension for 3 weeks using three types of salt and protein. The amount of salt in the body is measured by salt in food and urine per day. The amount of salt in the intake is small, the patient will experience a negative sodium balance, and blood pressure decreases. Otherwise, if the amount of salt in the intake is high, the amount of salt will be excreted a little so that sodium balance is achieved, and blood pressure will increase even though the amount of protein intake is small. Based on the result, the conclusion was the salt affects blood pressure. They were conducting the restriction on salt intake and success to reduce blood pressure 24.
This study’s analysis results indicate that the highest sodium intake is in the coastal area, where sodium intake is excessive with a percentage of 68%. In contrast, in the highlands region, the highest sodium intake category is the sodium intake category, with a percentage of 76%. Factors that influence the high consumption of salt or sodium in coastal communities in the MolaSamaturu village are raw eating habits of shellfish, sea urchins, and salted fish. From the survey results, people in coastal areas consume high sodium foods daily, especially salted fish in hurricane season becomes the primary alternative for a food source in the coastal community. Another case is the community in Waginopo Village, which rarely consumes seafood from shellfish and salted fish. Some respondents even said that dried fish was not salted but only dried and then processed and consumed.
Research on the relationship of seafood with the incidence of hypertension has been done by Masengi et al. 25, which states a significant relationship between seafood consumption with the incidence of hypertension (p = 0.001).
Statistically, there was a significant difference (p = 0.00) for sodium intake in coastal areas and highlands areas where sodium intake was higher in coastal areas than in the highland area. This study is in line with Sundari et al. 26, where sodium intake significantly affects essential hypertension, p-value—in line with research Rusliafa et al. 27 states that there are differences in hypertension incidence in coastal and highland areas, namely eating pattern (sodium intake p = 0.026).
Several studies have been conducted in some areas worldwide regarding daily salt intake related to blood pressure. A survey of salt intake in the newfound land area revealed the differences between the center of the island (inland) and the coastal community, where the typical salt intake is varying between 6.7 and 7.3 g/day compared to 8.4 and 8.8 g/day 28. Parallel changes in the incidence of hypertension lead to differences in salt intake in several regions. The incidence of hypertension in the inland community was 15%, aged between 55 to 75 years old, lower than the coastal community with a percentage around 27%. Similar results were found among the Solomon Islanders 29. In those tribes, had a salt intake below 2 g/day, only 1% of the population having raised in BP which lived away from the coast. About 3% of the Inland community population experienced elevating BP with salt intakes around 3 and 8 g/day. While people who lived on the coastal area had a salt intake between 9 to 15 g/day, indicating an increase of BP around 8% of the population. Migratory, in his study, found a relationship between daily salt intake and BP.The similarities in the results of this study are probably caused by the same characteristics of coastal and mountainous communities in consuming their daily food.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a difference between sodium consumption patterns in hypertensive sufferers in Mola Samaturu Village and Waginopo Village with a p-value = 0,000 <α 0.05. Sodium consumption patterns in coastal communities are higher than in highlands community. This is due to the ease of getting foods that contain high sodium compared to highland areas. Further studies may find out the possibility of food modification that can reduce sodium levels, especially in coastal areas.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the parties who have contributed to the implementation of this research, especially the Dean of the UHO Faculty of Medicine, Chair of the UHO LPPM.
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Received: 12 December 2020
Accepted: 10 February 2021
La Ode Alifariki1; Tukatman, Tukatman2;Bangu, Bangu2; HeriviyatnoJulika Siagian2*
Epidemiology Department, College of Medicine, Halu Oleo University,
Kendari, Indonesia1; Nursing Department, College of Science and Technology, Sembilanbelas November University, Kolaka, Indonesia2
Corresponding author: HeriviyatnoJulikaSiagian, Pemudast., Tahoa, Sembilanbelas November University, Kolaka regency, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia 93561, heriviyatno.j.siagian@gmail.com
Vol 9 No 2 2024
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